Solar Elevation

Solar elevation is one of the most important meteorological parameters for photographers, defining the sun's vertical angle above the horizon and directly determining the quality, direction, and color of natural light. Measured in degrees from -90° (sun at nadir, directly below the horizon) through 0° (sun exactly at the horizon during sunrise or sunset) to +90° (sun at zenith, directly overhead), solar elevation governs fundamental characteristics of photographic lighting. When solar elevation is low (0-20°), photographers experience the warm, directional light of golden hour, with the sun near the horizon casting long, dramatic shadows and producing rich amber, orange, and red color temperatures as sunlight passes through maximum atmospheric depth. This is the magic hour for portraits, landscapes, and architectural photography, when harsh contrast gives way to soft, flattering illumination. As solar elevation increases to 20-45°, light becomes progressively more neutral in color temperature and shadows shorten, creating good general-purpose lighting for many subjects, though less dramatic than golden hour. When the sun climbs above 45° elevation, approaching overhead positions, shadows become short and harsh, contrast increases, and color temperature shifts to cooler blue-white tones—challenging lighting for most photography except when deliberately used for graphic high-contrast work. At solar elevations above 60°, the sun approaches overhead, creating unflattering top-down lighting with minimal shadows—the notorious midday sun that landscape and portrait photographers typically avoid.

Solar elevation below 0° indicates the sun is below the horizon, encompassing civil twilight (-6° to 0°), nautical twilight (-12° to -6°), astronomical twilight (-18° to -12°), and night (below -18°). These negative elevations correspond to the various twilight periods and determine when blue hour, astronomical photography, and complete darkness occur. Solar elevation varies significantly by latitude, season, and time of day. At equatorial latitudes, the sun can reach 90° elevation twice yearly during equinoxes, directly overhead at noon. At mid-latitudes (30-50°), maximum solar elevation varies from around 70° in summer to 25° in winter, profoundly affecting available light quality across seasons. At high latitudes (above 60°), summer brings extended periods of low solar elevation (midnight sun phenomenon) while winter sees the sun barely rise above the horizon or not at all (polar night).

For photographers, solar elevation enables precise planning: want golden hour light? Set alerts for solar elevation between 0-6°. Need to avoid harsh midday sun? Monitor when elevation exceeds 45°. Planning landscape photography during blue hour? Track when solar elevation drops between -4° and -8°. PhotoWeather calculates solar elevation in real-time for your exact location, integrating it with weather conditions to predict lighting quality. Knowing that solar elevation will be 5° at 7:15 PM during clear skies means you can plan exactly when to arrive for golden hour portraits, while knowing elevation will reach 70° at midday under hazy conditions helps you decide whether to wait for better light or shoot anyway with appropriate techniques.